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Fundamental Forces in Nature
Though you have heard about the different types of concepts in physics and each one having their own role. But in todays article I am going to discuss with you those type of concepts without which the foundation of physics is incomplete .These concepts are related to the forces or the interactions in the nature . Lets discuss them
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| Fundamental Forces in Nature |
These are the forces
which are responsible for the attraction or repelling of the two interacting
particles . The Fundamental Forces are also responsible for the decay of
particles and the nuclei .
There are four types
of fundamental forces in nature . These are ;
- Gravitational forces
- Electromagnetic forces
- Strong nuclear force and
- Weak forces
Fundamental Forces in Nature
These Forces are
mediated by a particle known as the quanta of force ,carrier mediating particle
or the field particle . The carrier is exchanged between the interacting
particles . However , the mechanism of interaction can be understood as follows
:
The interacting
particles create or emit the quanta of
force or the carrier which is absorbed
by the other interacting particles . This process leads to the origin of interaction between the particles. However, the field quantum or the carrier
exists for a short time between the creation and the absorption . This short time is known as the characteristic
life time. It should be noted that the carrier or the field quantum can have
zero or non-zero mass.
Fundamental Forces in Nature
There are four types of the interactions or Forces in nature and hence there are four types of carriers or quanta of force.
- Gravitational interaction:
we all know that the gravitational interaction was first discovered by Sir Isaac Newton this interaction is
attractive in nature and is the weakest interaction among all other
interactions .
According to this , the interaction or the force between the two point masses is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distances
between them . That is ,
F = G M1 M2 / R2
Where , G = 6.67 × 10
Nm2 Kg -2 is a gravitational
constant and M1 , M2 are the
masses of the two interacting particles
, R the distance between the two interacting particles .
The mediating particle or the carrier of the gravitational interaction is known as graviton , the quanta of gravitational field . Graviton is called BOSON. It has no mass, no charge but has a spin value equal to 1. However , the graviton has not been observed experimentally.
- Electromagnetic Interaction :
The interaction or the force between the
two static or the moving point charges is known as the Electromagnetic interaction .This type of interaction obeys inverse square law. that is ,
F = 1/R2
Electromagnetic
interaction is both attractive as well as repulsive . That is, like charges
repel and unlike charges attract each
other. The strength of Electromagnetic interaction is given by a constant ;
α = e2 / 4πE0hc = 1/
137
The mediating particle or the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction is a photon. It means, that the exchange of photons between the charged particles leads to the electromagnetic interaction between them. Photons are having zero rest mass , zero charge and spin 1 that means they are like Bosons.
Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Strong Nuclear interaction :
we can define Nuclear interaction as that type of
interaction which is responsible for the holding of Nucleons inside the nucleus
of an atom. Now the question arises in your mind that why this type of interaction is named as strong interaction?
As the
interaction overcomes the coulomb's
force of attraction between the nucleons to keep them inside the nucleus
of an atom. This type of interaction does not hold the inverse square law.
However, its
strength is characterised by a constant known as Fermi constant which is given
by ;
f2/ h
c = 1
where f denotes the
charge corresponding to the field of nuclear force.
The mediating particle in this type of interaction is known as Gluon .Exchange of gluons between the nucleons leads to the strong nuclear interaction between them. However, gluon is having zero charge , zero mass and zero spin.
- Weak interaction :
This type of interaction is also called as
the short range of interaction .The magnitude of this type of interaction is
very small as compered to the strong and the electromagnetic interaction. Some
type of processes like α-decay , β- decay ,decays of other elementary particles
like π-mesons ,µ- mesons happen due to this type of weak interaction.
The strength of weak
interaction i8s given by a dimensionless constant;
g2/h c = 10-14
where g indicates the charge given to the
field of weak interaction .
The mediating particles or the carriers of the weak interaction are charged W± Bosons and neutral Z° Boson . The mass of W ± Bosons = 81800 M e v/c2 and Z° Boson = 92600 M e v/c2 .
This article provides you information about the Fundamental Forces in Nature. It also provides you information about their carriers or mediating particles .
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